Current situation and future countermeasures of mobile internet remote teaching of pediatric imaging / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Due to the limitations professional status and training channels, the training of pediatric imaging talents in China is seriously insufficient. Pediatric imaging doctors are concentrated in children's hospitals. Pediatric imaging knowledge and talents in primary medical institutions are scarce, which is not conducive to the construction of hierarchical diagnosis and treatment system. Large-scale telemedicine and online medical treatment based on mobile Internet have become the mainstream platforms for medical consultation and teaching, providing a good opportunity for remote teaching of pediatric imaging, and are expected to become a powerful tool for training pediatric imaging talents. The analysis of literature, mobile phone application market software and cost-effectiveness shows that the current large-scale telemedicine construction cycle is long, the construction and maintenance costs are high, and it is vulnerable to geographical and environmental constraints. It is still a long way to go for remote teaching in hospitals below the county level. The use of mobile terminals and mobile Internet is very convenient. It is an excellent choice to realize the remote teaching of pediatric imaging. It is expected to solve the problem of pediatric imaging talent training and skill dissemination.

Clinical analysis of 19 patients with gastrointestinal schwannoma / 中国综合临床

Objective:To investigate the clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of gastrointestinal neurilemmoma.Methods:A descriptive study was conducted to retrospectively analyze the clinical manifestations, endoscopic findings, pathological features, treatment methods and prognosis of patients with gastrointestinal neurilemmima diagnosed from May 2017 to November 2020 in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityResults:A total of 19 patients were collected, ranging in age from 45.0 to 70.0 years old, of whom 68.4% (13/19) were female. The clinical symptoms are non-specific, and some patients are asymptomatic (15.8%(3/19)) and may present with abdominal pain (57.9%(11/19)), nausea (31.6%(6/19)), abdominal distension (21.1%(4/19)) and decreased appetite (21.1%(4/19)), and a few with gastrointestinal bleeding (5.3%(1/19)). Tumors were most frequently found in the gastric body (42.1%(8/19)), followed by the duodenum (15.8%(3/19)). Endoscopic submucosal mass is easy to be misdiagnosed as stromal tumor. The pathological type showed shuttle cell tumor, immunohistochemical staining showed positive S100 and Vim, most Ki-67 staining proliferation rate was <5% (57.9%(11/19)), and a small part was ≥10% (10.5%(2/19)). Treatment was either endoscopic or surgical. No tendency to recur and metastasize was found in any of the neurilemmimas.Conclusion:Gastrointestinal neurilemmoma is a very rare submucosal tumor of the digestive tract, most of which are benign and rare in malignancy, and postoperative pathology is the gold standard for its diagnosis. Gastrointestinal neurilemmoma is common in middle-aged female, with diverse and non-specific clinical symptoms, difficult to differentiate from submucosal tumors such as stromal tumors, and its tendency to malignant transformation increases with tumor enlargement. Endoscopic resection is recommended for tumors with tumor diameter <3 cm without serosal invasion, with little trauma and no recurrence.

HSV-1 H129-Derived Anterograde Neural Circuit Tracers: Improvements, Production, and Applications / 神经科学通报·英文版

Anterograde viral tracers are powerful and essential tools for dissecting the output targets of a brain region of interest. They have been developed from herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) strain H129 (H129), and have been successfully applied to map diverse neural circuits. Initially, the anterograde polysynaptic tracer H129-G4 was used by many groups. We then developed the first monosynaptic tracer, H129-dTK-tdT, which was highly successful, yet improvements are needed. Now, by inserting another tdTomato expression cassette into the H129-dTK-tdT genome, we have created H129-dTK-T2, an updated version of H129-dTK-tdT that has improved labeling intensity. To help scientists produce and apply our H129-derived viral tracers, here we provide the protocol describing our detailed and standardized procedures. Commonly-encountered technical problems and their solutions are also discussed in detail. Broadly, the dissemination of this protocol will greatly support scientists to apply these viral tracers on a large scale.

Anterior circulation large vessel occlusive stroke with high clot burden: comparison of direct mechanical thrombectomy and bridging therapy / 国际脑血管病杂志

Objective:To compare the clinical effects of direct mechanical thrombectomy (MT) and intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) bridging MT (IVT+ MT) in the treatment of patients with acute anterior circulation large vessel occlusive stroke with high clot burden.Methods:Consecutive patients with acute anterior circulation large vessel occlusion with clot burden score ≤6 admitted to the Department of Neurology, Liuzhou People's Hospital and received endovascular treatment (MT or IVT+ MT) from June 2015 to April 2019 were enrolled retrospectively. The baseline clinical data, surgical status, clinical outcome, length of stay and cost of hospitalization in the direct MT group and the IVT+ MT group were compared. The modified Rankin Scale was used to evaluate the outcomes at 90 d after the onset of stroke. 0-2 was defined as a good outcome and >2 was defined as a poor outcome. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent influencing factors of poor outcomes. Results:A total of 115 patients with acute anterior circulation large vascular occlusive stroke with high clot burden were enrolled, aged 65.4±12.0 years, 70 (60.9%) were male. The baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was 18.0 (14.0-22.0). Seventy patients (60.9%) in the direct MT group, 45 in the IVT+ MT group (39.1%). Forty-nine patients (42.6%) had a good outcome and 66 (57.4%) had a poor outcome. The time from onset to inguinal puncture (210 [130-255] min vs. 230 [187-268] min; Z=-1.982, P=0.047) and the time from onset to successful vascular recanalization (283 [228-358] min vs. 320 [268-385] min; Z=-2.017, P=0.044) were significantly shorter than the IVT+ MT group, but there were no significant differences in the successful recanalization rate (84.4% vs. 81.4%; χ2=0.173, P=0.677), the incidence of postoperative symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (6.7% vs. 7.1%; P=1.000) and the good outcome rate at 90 d (40.0% vs. 44.3%; χ2=0.206, P=0.650) between the direct MT group and the IVT+ MT group. In addition, although there was no significant difference in length of stay between the two groups (12.1±7.1 d vs. 10.6±6.6 d; t=1.128, P=0.262), the total hospitalization cost of the direct MT group was significantly lower than that of the IVT+ MT group (80 328 [63 214-101 136] CNY vs. 88 517 [68 001-115 590] CNY; Z=-1.972, P=0.049). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that higher baseline systolic blood pressure (odds ratio [ OR] 1.033, 95% confidence interval [ CI] 1.005-1.062; P=0.019), higher baseline NIHSS score ( OR 1.117, 95% CI 1.029-1.213; P=0.008) and lower baseline Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score ( OR 0.189, 95% CI 0.056-0.641; P=0.008) were independently associated with the poor outcomes, while there was no independent correlation between the endovascular treatment mode and the outcomes. Conclusions:For patients with anterior circulation large vessel occlusive stroke with high clot burden, the successful recanalization rate and good clinical outcome rate of direct MT were equivalent to IVT+ MT, but the cost was less. Therefore, direct MT may be a better choice for the treatment of anterior circulation large vessel occlusive stroke with high clot burden.

Effects of Blast Wave-induced Biomechanical Changes on Lung Injury in Rats / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#To observe the dynamic impacts of shock waves on the severity of lung injury in rats with different injury distances.@*Methods@#Simulate open-field shock waves; detect the biomechanical effects of explosion sources at distances of 40, 44, and 48 cm from rats; and examine the changes in the gross anatomy of the lungs, lung wet/dry weight ratio, hemoglobin concentration, blood gas analysis, and pathology.@*Results@#Biomechanical parameters such as the overpressure peak and impulse were gradually attenuated with an increase in the injury distance. The lung tissue hemorrhage, edema, oxygenation index, and pathology changed more significantly for the 40 cm group than for the 44 and 48 cm groups. The overpressure peak and impulse were significantly higher for the 40 cm group than for the 44 and 48 cm groups ( < 0.05 or < 0.01). The animal mortality was significantly higher for the 40 cm group than for the other two groups (41.2% . 17.8% and 10.0%, < 0.05). The healing time of injured lung tissues for the 40 cm group was longer than those for the 44 and 48 cm groups.@*Conclusions@#The effects of simulated open-field shock waves on the severity of lung injuries in rats were correlated with the injury distances, the peak overpressure, and the overpressure impulse.

Effect of L-cysteine on colonic motility and the underlying mechanism / 生理学报

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of L-cysteine on colonic motility and the underlying mechanism. Immunohistochemical staining and Western blot were used to detect the localization of the HS-generating enzymes cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE). Organ bath system was used to observe the muscle contractile activities. Whole-cell patch-clamp technique was applied to record ionic channels currents in colonic smooth muscle cells. The results showed that both CBS and CSE were localized in mucosa, longitudinal and circular muscle and enteric neurons. L-cysteine had a dual effect on colonic contraction, and the excitatory effect was blocked by pretreatment with CBS inhibitor aminooxyacetate acid (AOAA) and CSE inhibitor propargylglycine (PAG); L-cysteine concentration-dependently inhibited L-type calcium channel current (I) without changing the characteristic of L-type calcium channel (P < 0.01); In contrast, the exogenous HS donor NaHS increased I at concentration of 100 μmol/L, but inhibited I and modified the channel characteristics at concentration of 300 μmol/L (P < 0.05); Furthermore, L-cysteine had no effect on large conductance calcium channel current (I), but NaHS significantly inhibited I (P < 0.05). These results suggest that L-cysteine has a potential dual effect on colonic smooth muscle and the inhibitory effect might be directly mediated by L-type calcium channel while the excitatory effect might be mediated by endogenous HS.

Clinical manifestations of thyroid dysfunction in Parkinson's disease and possible shared pathogenic mechanisms: A literature review / 中华老年医学杂志

Parkinson's disease combined with thyroid dysfunction is not uncommon in clinical practice.Due to similarities and overlaps between their symptoms and an unclear cause-and-effect relationship, the diagnosis and treatment may be missed and delayed.Here we summarize the clinical manifestations of the two diseases and analyze the potential pathogenic mechanisms shared between them, in order to provide a reference for the understanding of their pathogenesis and for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Research advances in anti-Aβ targeted therapy for Alzheimer's disease: An update / 中华老年医学杂志

The theory of amyloid-induced Alzheimer's disease(AD)has been challenged by the scientific community.However, with the deep study of amyloid beta(Aβ)cascade metabolic reaction process and the characteristics and functions of various Aβ polypeptides, people have a profound understanding of the pathogenesis of AD caused by Aβ.Currently, several Aβ antibodies, including the protofibril selective antibody BAN2401, are in clinical trials for treating Alzheimer's disease.After the good results of targeted therapy for Aβ(Ban2401), this theory has attracted our attention again.In this paper, the pathogenesis of Aβ and the progress of targeted therapy were reviewed systematically.

Research advances in anti-Aβ targeted therapy for Alzheimer's disease:An update / 中华老年医学杂志

The theory of amyloid-induced Alzheimer's disease(AD) has been challenged by the scientific community.However,with the deep study of amyloid beta(Aβ)cascade metabolic reaction process and the characteristics and functions of various Aβ polypeptides,people have a profound understanding of the pathogenesis of AD caused by Aβ.Currently,several Aβ antibodies,including the protofibril selective antibody BAN2401,are in clinical trials for treating Alzheimer's disease.After the good results of targeted therapy for Aβ(Ban2401),this theory has attracted our attention again.In this paper,the pathogenesis of Aβ and the progress of targeted therapy were reviewed systematically.

The diagnostic framework for screening Alzheimer's disease in the Chinese population / 中华内科杂志

Criteria for diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not available in China.The international criteria is not a proper choice due to issues such as translation and lead to low diagnostic rate and high rate of missed diagnosis.The research group of Alzheimer's Disease Chinese (ADC) reviewed knowledge and techniques in neuropsychology,neuroimaging,molecular biology,and clinical neurology,and systematically studied the detection techniques such as memory,language,visuospatial,executive function,and medial temporal lobe visual scores on MRI,and their optimal threshold and diagnostic value for the diagnosis of AD.Through a systematic review and consensus meeting,a diagnostic framework for screeningAD in the Chinese population was established.Among these methods,an operational standard for clinical pathology models increased the diagnostic sensitivity by 15％.The sensitivity and specificity of screening memory impairment increased by 18.1％ and 11.6％,respectively.The sensitivity of screening medialtemporal lobe atrophy increased by 24.5％ and missed diagnosis was decreased by 34.5％.An operational standard for clinical biology models,incorporating the latest molecular imaging and molecular biology techniques,has enabled the early diagnosis of AD in China.The framework combines a principled diagnostic guideline with an operational screening protocol,which is applicable to all clinical settings and of great significance for the early detection,early diagnosis and early treatment of AD.

Screening and diagnostic framework of vascular dementia in Chinese population / 中华内科杂志

For lack of cognitive screening standard system and controversy over the value of imaging for cerebrovascular diseases in China, the research group of Alzheimer′s Disease Chinese (ADC) studied the knowledge of neuropsychology, neuroimaging and clinical neurology, systematically reviewed the diagnostic techniques such as memory, language, visuospatial, executive, function, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of cerebrovascular diseases, and their optimal threshold and diagnostic value for vascular dementia. Via a consensus meeting, the diagnostic guidelines and practical screening process are combined to construct a framework in Chinese population, which is based on the objective evidence of medical history and clinical evaluation. The diagnosis of vascular dementia is supported by imaging evidence of cerebrovascular diseases and differentiates from other causes of dementia or comorbidities. This consensus is applicable to medical units in China, and is of great significance for early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment of vascular dementia.

CTand MRimagingforthecomprehensivediagnosisofsclerosingstromaltumorofovary / 实用放射学杂志

Objective ToexplorethecomprehensivediagnosticvalueofMSCTand MRImultiphaseenhancedscaninsclerosing stromaltumorofovary(OSST),forimprovingtheaccuracyofpreoperativediagnosis.Methods CTand MRimagesof32patients withOSSTconfirmedbysurgicalandpathologicalfindingswereretrospectivelystudied.Theclinicalmanifestations,CTand MRI findingsofthetumorswereevaluated,andthecorrelationbetweentheimaging manifestationsandthepathologicalresultswasalso analyzed.Theclinicalandimagingmanifestationsofthetumorswereanalyzedandsummarized.Results Theageof32patientsranged from21to43yearsold.Allthemasseswereunilateral,15ontheleftand17ontheright.Themaximumdiameterofthelesionwas1.8cmto 19.5cm.AlllesionswereexaminedbyCTand MRI.MRIcouldbetterdisplaythecapsuleandstructureofthetumors.25caseswere solidandcysticmassesand7casesweresolid masses.Themarginofthetumorwasobviouslyenhancedinarterialphaseofmulti-phaseenhancedscanin28cases,andinthevenousanddelayedphases,theenhancementfeaturesweresimilartothoseof"hepaticcavernous hemangioma".Scatteredenhancednoduleswerefoundinthenon-enhancedcysticzone,showing"lakeislandsign".Inarterialphase,4 casesshowedearlymildandmoderateenhancementinthemarginofthelesion,andtheenhancementdegreeinvenousphaseanddelayedphase weresimilar,withoutobviouswithdrawalmediumofcontrast.TheCTnetvalueinthemassinarterialandvenousphaseweremoreobviousthan thatinthemyometriumandthedifferenceswerestatisticallysignificant,howevertherewasnosignificantdifferenceindelayedphase. Histopathologicalexaminationshowedthatthehighandlowcelldensityareaswereinterlacedwithpseudolobularstructure.Thereweredifferent amountofthecollagenfibers,fibrocyteandlooseedemaconnective tissue,aswellasabundantparenchymavesselsintheinterstitial tissue.ImmunohistochemicalstainingofVimentin,SMAandα-inhibinin32caseswereshowed,andPRexpressionswerefound in28cases.Conclusion OSSTischaracterizedby"lakeislandsign"onCTandMRI."Cavernoushemangioma"-likeenhancedfeaturecanbemore clearlydemonstratedbymulti-phasecontrast-enhancedscanning.Theseimagingfindingsarecloselyrelatedtothepathologicalfindings.The combineddiagnosisofCTand MRIimaginghasanimportantvalueforpreoperativediagnosis.

Advances in clinical diagnosis and treatment of tremor / 中华老年医学杂志

Tremor is a common movement disorder,but its etiological identification and clinical diagnosis pose a certain difficulty due to its complex clinical manifestations,various types,requirement of multidisciplinary knowledge,and similar symptoms shared by many other causes and diseases.In recent years,many advances in the clinical classification,diagnosis and treatment of tremor have been published and will help us better understand tremor and improve the diagnosis and treatment of tremor.

Analysis of correlation between serum fatty acid profile and cognitive impairment in the elderly / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective@#To explore the relationship between cognitive impairment and serum fatty acid profile.@*Methods@#Participants aged ≥60 years were selected from 3 communities in Shijiazhuang in 2015. The questionnaire was performed to collect basic information. And Montreal Cognitive Assessment was applied for the evaluation of cognitive impairment. Blood lipid parameters and serum fatty acid profiles were analyzed for all the subjects. A total of 529 subjects were finally included in this research. Multivariate ordinal logistic model was used to analyze the relationship between serum fatty acid profile and cognitive impairment.@*Results@#Normal, mild and moderate cognitive impairment accounted for 41.2% (n=218), 51.4% (n=272) and 7.4% (n=39) of all the subjects respectively. With control of age, gender, education, total cholesterol (TC), total triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), the OR (95%CI) of eicosenoic acid, nervonic acid and ratio of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3/n-6) was 1.06 (1.01-1.10), 0.93 (0.91-0.96), and 0.17 (0.04-0.73).@*Conclusion@#The risk of cognitive impairment decreased with the raise of serum nervonic acid concentration and n-3/n-6, and increased with the raise of serum eicosenoic acid concentration.

Consensus and controversy about the study of mild behavioral impairment and dementia / 中华神经科杂志

Dementia is a clinical syndrome characterized by cognitive impairment and decreased daily activity.In recent years, more and more studies have shown that there are neuropsychiatric syndromes in people with normal cognitive function , thus increasing the risk of dementia.This population has been defined as mild behavioral impairment (MBI).MBI is now considered to be one of the prodromal symptoms of dementia, and there have been some researches and consensus on the definition , diagnosis and screening scale of MBI, but there are still a lot of controversies.For this reason, we systematically reviewed the research progress of MBI , to clarify the evidence on the definition , diagnostic criteria and screening methods of MBI, and to summarize the consensus and controversy of the research on the correlation between MBI and dementia, aiming to draw attention to the applicability and necessity of MBI diagnostic criteria in clinical practice.

Structural changes of gut microbiota in patients with Parkinson's disease / 中华神经科杂志

Objective To investigate the structural changes of gut microbiota in patients with Parkinson's disease ( PD).Methods Twenty-four PD patients and 14 healthy controls from Beijing Hospital in 2015 were recruited in this cross-sectional study.The general clinical information was collected and all subjects were assessed with Parkinson's disease related scales.The gut microbiota status between two groups was analyzed after extracting feces'DNA and carrying out high-throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA.Results At the phylum level, actinobacteria (0.76%(0.13%, 1.85%) vs 0.14%(0.07%, 0.30%), Z＝2.784, P＜0.01) were significantly increased and bacteroidetes (57.28%(48.75%, 64.95%) vs 63.78%(56.72%, 68.21%), Z＝-4.963, P＜0.01) were significantly decreased in PD patients compared to healthy controls.At the class level, bacilli (0.52%(0.11%, 2.10%) vs 0.13%(0.05%, 0.16%), Z＝2.693, P＜0.01), negativicutes (5.04%(2.93%, 14.02%) vs 2.87%(1.46%, 4.43%), Z＝2.360, P＝0.018), actinobacteria (0.60%(0.10%, 1.59%) vs 0.12%(0.04%, 0.20%), Z＝2.512, P＝0.011 ), gammaproteobacteria ( 1.72%( 0.58%, 5.46%) vs 0.43%(0.24%, 2.19%), Z＝2.179, P＝0.029) were significantly increased in PD patients compared to healthy controls.At the family level, veillonellaceae (3.78%(0.53%, 13.82%) vs 0.49%(0.08%, 3.14%), Z＝2.754, P＜0.01), streptococcaceae (0.33%(0.09%, 0.69%) vs 0.19%(0.14%, 0.24%), Z＝1.770, P＝0.004), enterobacteriaceae (1.04%(0.40%, 4.95%) vs 0.20%(0.10%, 0.45%), Z＝2.784, P＜0.01 ), lactobacillaceae ( 0.079%( 0.014%, 0.575%) vs 0.003%(0.002%, 0.028%), Z＝3.119, P＜0.01), bifidobacteriaceae (0.60%(0.09%, 1.57%) vs 0.11%(0.03%, 0.19%), Z＝2.481, P＝0.012) were significantly increased and pasteurellaceae (0.009%(0.002%, 0.047%) vs 0.110%(0.022%, 0.898%), Z＝-2.545, P＝0.010) were significantly decreased in PD patients compared to healthy controls.Conclusions The structures of gut microbiota in PD patients and healthy controls were significantly different at the levels of phylum , class, and family.All these changes are potentially associated with the development of PD pathology.

Dementia screening and diagnostic framework in Chinese population / 中华内科杂志

There are no standard diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer′s disease (AD) in China. The copied international criteria has led to a high rate of missed diagnosis due to issues such as translation and cultural discrepancy. Under the principles of semantic equivalence, content equivalence and performance equivalence, the research group of Alzheimer′s Disease Chinese (ADC) adopted several effective methods, such as two-way translation, content conversion, performance evaluation, etc. to systematically study the cognitive, behavioral, functional, and general assessment techniques in dementia screening and diagnosis, as well as their screening thresholds and diagnostic values. We also established a dementia screening and assessment framework in clinical practice through systematic reviews and group consensus. It has improved the early diagnosis rate of dementia in China, been accepted by home and abroad academic institutions, which is of great significance for early diagnosis and treatment of dementia.

Imaging manifestations of infantile fibrosarcoma / 中国医学影像技术

Objective To observe imaging manifestations of infantile fibrosarcoma (IFS).Methods Imaging features of histopathologically proved IFS in 7 patients were retrospectively analyzed.The location,margin,morphous,size,echoic/ density/signal intensity,metastasis,invasion and vascularity of tumors were observed.Results The tumors located in extremities (n =5),trunk (n =1) or abdomen (n =1),respectively.Ultrasound showed irregular morphology,heterogeneous hyper-echoic areas with circumscribed margin in all 7 patients.The lesions in 5 cases were iso-hyperechoic,2 were iso-hypoechoic.Anechoic areas and abundant tumor blood flow signals were demonstrated.CT (n=5) showed heterogeneous soft-tissue masses with heterogeneous enhancement.No calcification,bone erosion nor distant metastasis was found with CT.The lesions usually showed inhomogeneous signal intensity on T1WI or T2WI,with heterogeneous enhancement after contrast administration.Conclusion Imaging examination can clear show the morphous,size,internal architecture and vascularity of tumors as well as relationship with surrounding tissues of IFS.

Web-based online education of pediatric medical imaging: current situation and prospect / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Web-based medical education has permeated into almost every corner of traditional med-ical teaching, persistently upgrading the medical teaching models and qualities, and network teaching has become the hot spot of modern education mode.Although the medical network education industry is in good shape, due to many factors, the development of pediatric imaging network education goes slowly. By com-paring current situation of our and other countries' pediatric imaging websites, this study aims to reveal the deficiencies of domestic online teaching in pediatric imaging, and further, to probe the practical meaning and strategy in construction of pediatric imaging teaching website stations, so constructing our own website stations is beneficial for the development of pediatric imaging education of our country.

How to better identify multiple system atrophy / 中华老年医学杂志

Multiple system atrophy(MSA) can be easily misdiagnosed as Parkinson's disease (PD) or other forms of atypical Parkinsonism,because they not only share similar pathological changes but also present many common clinical manifestations,which make early diagnosis difficult.How to better identify MSA plays a decisive role in subsequent treatment and should concern physicians.The aim of this review is to examine the autonomic nervous dysfunction and its early clinical manifestations,detection methods,and imaging characteristics of MSA,and thus to provide helpful guidelines for the early diagnosis of MSA.